The Hidden Cost of Poor Airflow in High-Performance Commercial Buildings

Poor airflow in commercial buildings leads to higher energy bills, reduced indoor air quality, and HVAC wear. Learn how to identify and solv

Ava Montini

Mar 24, 2025

Written by

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Why airflow inefficiencies drive up costs, compromise indoor air quality, and create hidden challenges for facility managers

Most commercial and institutional buildings today are designed with performance and efficiency in mind. Energy benchmarks, ESG goals, and occupant well-being are often front and center. But despite those efforts, one critical element of building performance is consistently underdiagnosed: airflow.

Poor airflow can silently affect every corner of your building’s operations — from higher energy consumption and HVAC maintenance costs to reduced indoor air quality (IAQ) and missed sustainability opportunities. It rarely shows up as a red flag on day one, but over time, it chips away at performance in ways that are both measurable and avoidable.

Inefficient Airflow Increases Energy Use — Even in “Efficient” Buildings

In many commercial buildings, HVAC systems account for roughly 30–40% of total energy consumption, according to Natural Resources Canada and ASHRAE. But when airflow is restricted, that percentage can climb significantly.

The most common culprits are high-resistance filters, dirty or aging ductwork, unbalanced systems, or outdated fans. These conditions increase static pressure, which forces HVAC fans to work harder and longer to achieve required airflow levels.

According to a study by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), buildings with airflow-related HVAC issues can see energy use increase by up to 30% compared to optimized systems. [1]

Even minor issues can have an outsized impact. A 100,000 sq. ft. office building experiencing elevated fan energy use due to clogged filters or inefficient duct design could face annual utility costs tens of thousands of dollars higher than necessary. For building owners managing multiple sites, that inefficiency compounds quickly.

Airflow and Indoor Air Quality Are Closely Linked

Buildings are dynamic systems, and air quality tends to suffer when airflow is compromised. Insufficient airflow can lead to poor ventilation, uneven air distribution, and pockets of stagnation in rooms or zones. These areas often experience elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter — especially in high-occupancy spaces.

A 2015 study from Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that employees working in well-ventilated buildings performed 61% better on cognitive tasks than those in typical buildings with poor ventilation and air quality. [2]

In schools, researchers have found that students in classrooms with improved ventilation perform better on standardized tests. [3] In healthcare facilities, inadequate air movement can increase the risk of airborne illness transmission.

Common complaints like “stuffy rooms,” temperature inconsistencies, or fatigue can often be traced back to airflow and ventilation issues — even when temperature setpoints and filtration standards are technically being met.

Poor Airflow Wears Down HVAC Systems Faster

Inefficient airflow costs more on your energy bill and accelerates mechanical wear and tear. When fan motors, compressors, and dampers are forced to operate under continuous load, components degrade faster than expected.

This leads to:

More frequent repairs and service calls
Shortened equipment lifespan
Greater downtime and occupant discomfort during peak seasons

A study from the National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) notes that air distribution restrictions are a key factor in premature HVAC failure and reduced system capacity. [4]

The cost of replacing a rooftop unit, for example, can range from $10,000 to $25,000, depending on building size and complexity — not including indirect costs from temporary system downtime.

Sustainability Targets Can Be Quietly Undermined

Many facilities today are pursuing ESG goals, LEED certification, or local emissions reduction mandates. But airflow inefficiencies can quietly work against those targets by increasing Scope 2 emissions (energy-related emissions) and filter waste.

High-resistance air filters, mainly traditional pleated filters, can contribute to this in two ways:

Increased energy use due to pressure drop
Frequent changeouts, leading to more waste and landfill contribution

According to a 2021 study in Building and Environment, filter pressure drop is one of the most overlooked contributors to unnecessary HVAC energy use — especially when filters are overused or under-maintained. [5]

If a building claims progress in sustainability, it’s important to ensure that filtration and airflow practices align with those claims—both from an energy and waste standpoint.

Missed Opportunities for Incentives and Cost Recovery

One of the lesser-known downsides of inefficient airflow is the lost opportunity to qualify for energy retrofit incentives.

Many utility and government programs across North America offer rebates, grants, or low-interest financing for businesses upgrading HVAC systems, controls, and low-pressure filtration. But to be eligible, buildings often need to demonstrate quantifiable improvements in system performance.

For example, Ontario’s Save on Energy Retrofit Program offers up to 50% of project costs for energy-efficiency upgrades, including those related to ventilation, air handling units, and demand control ventilation systems. [6]

Without data on airflow improvement or energy reduction — or without addressing underlying airflow inefficiencies — buildings may fail to qualify, leaving funding on the table.

Practical Steps to Address Airflow Challenges

The good news is that improving airflow doesn’t require a major capital project. Many impactful changes can be made within existing operations and maintenance cycles.

Here’s where most facilities can start:

Conduct a static pressure and airflow assessment to identify bottlenecks
Replace high-pressure filters with low-pressure, high-efficiency alternatives
Balance and tune your HVAC system, especially if zones have changed due to new usage patterns
Install real-time IAQ monitors to detect issues as they emerge, not after complaints arise
Track filter changeouts and energy use to capture data for future incentive applications

These strategies are already being implemented in facilities across North America — and in most cases, they deliver measurable improvements in energy efficiency, equipment reliability, and occupant satisfaction.

Airflow may not be the most visible part of your building, but it’s one of the most influential. When ignored, it quietly drives up energy costs, reduces system lifespan, and compromises air quality.

For facility managers and business owners focused on performance, sustainability, and operational clarity, airflow should be on the radar — not just as a maintenance metric but as a lever for long-term efficiency and resilience.

Addressing airflow challenges is a straightforward, high-ROI step that supports healthier, more cost-effective, and future-ready buildings.

MERV 13 vs HEPA Filter: How Are They Different?

Jennifer Crowley
Jul 28, 2023
3 min read

Updated: Jul 9, 2024

Cropped images of a pleated filter (MEV 13) and a HEPA filter, one on top of the other, to create one image — Both MERV 13 and HEPA filters are designed to remove pollutants from the air; however, there are some key differences between them including cost, fit and airflow.

Air filters are a vital component in maintaining good indoor air quality. Two of the most commonly used air filters are MERV 13 filters and HEPA filters. Both types of filters are designed to remove pollutants from the air; however, there are some key differences between them.

Illustration comparing the particle capture of MERV , 10 and 13 filters — The higher a filter’s MERV rating, the more effective it is at capturing airborne particles.

What are MERV 13 filters?

All traditional air filters are differentiated according to their MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) rating. The higher a filter’s MERV rating, the more effective it is at capturing airborne particles. MERV 13 and below are considered HVAC-system-grade filters for residential, commercial and general hospital use.

MERV 13 filters can filter particles closer to 0.3 microns in size, which includes contaminants such as pollen, mould, dust, bacteria, pet dander, smoke and virus carriers. MERV 13 filters are typically used in residential and commercial HVAC systems to improve indoor air quality.

What are HEPA filters?

On the other hand, HEPA filters are considered the most efficient air filters available. HEPA stands for High-Efficiency Particulate Air and has a rating of MERV 17 or higher. HEPA filters are designed to remove 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns or larger in size; This includes particles such as smoke, bacteria, and viruses.

Since HEPA filters are so efficient, they cause a higher pressure drop than filters with MERV ratings. Given their high efficiency, HEPA filters are best suited for rooms where air quality is a concern, such as in hospitals, laboratories, and cleanrooms.

Many ventilation systems are not designed for HEPA, but these filters are available as portable air cleaners or vacuum cleaners and can be used in homes to improve indoor air quality, particularly for people with allergies or respiratory issues.

MERV 13 vs HEPA Filter: How Are They Different?

14 Pleated HVAC filters standing side by side as if on a bookshelf — MERV 13 filters can capture particles as small as 0.3 microns.

Pros of MERV 13 Filters:

Cost: Affordable and easy to find.
High Efficiency: MERV 13 filters can capture particles as small as 0.3 microns, making them highly effective at removing pollutants such as dust, pet dander, pollen, and even some bacteria and viruses from the air.

Cons of MERV 13 Filters:

Filter Efficiency: Not as effective as HEPA filters in removing the smallest and most harmful particles.
Maintenance: MERV 13 filters may need to be replaced more frequently than lower MERV-rated filters, which can add to the overall cost and maintenance of the HVAC system.
Compatibility: MERV 13 filters may not be compatible with all HVAC systems, and using a filter that is too efficient for a system can cause damage. Before using a MERV 13 filter, it is important to check if the HVAC system can handle the filter’s efficiency and pressure drop.

Photo of a free standing HEPA Filter — HEPA filters are extremely effective at removing pollutants, including smoke, bacteria, and viruses.

Pros of HEPA Filters:

High efficiency: HEPA filters are highly efficient at trapping small particles, such as dust, pollen, and pet dander. Extremely effective at removing pollutants, including smoke, bacteria, and viruses.
Long lifespan: HEPA filters are designed to last a long time, so they do not need to be replaced as frequently as other filters.

Cons of using a HEPA filter in an HVAC system include:

High cost: HEPA filters can be more expensive than other types of filters, which can make them a less cost-effective option for some people.
Decreased airflow: HEPA filters can reduce airflow through a standard HVAC system, which can make it less energy efficient and increase the amount of time it takes to heat or cool a room.
Need for professional installation: HEPA filters are typically larger and more complex than other types of filters, which means they may need to be installed by a professional.

In conclusion, both MERV 13 and HEPA filters effectively improve indoor air quality, but they have different pros and cons depending on the setting and the level of air purity required. MERV 13 filters are more affordable and easy to find and effectively remove a wide range of pollutants. HEPA filters are extremely effective at removing pollutants, but they are more expensive and can be more difficult to find.

It’s also important to consult a professional to determine the most appropriate filter for your setting, MERV 13 vs HEPA, as the filter type and frequency of replacement can vary depending on the size and usage of the space, as well as the type of pollutants present in the air.

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